Body Piercings

Body piercing has increased over long terms of period of time and it becomes one of the trendiest and culture in today’s our life. This has attracted the most people who are interested about body piercing, and then they get attention especially from media when famous celebrities come up in advertisement with their body piercings and tattoos. However, there are various places that people do the body piercing such as tongues, noses, navels and even their genital, but this occurs lots of arguments that piercing makes in dangers or just showing as one of individuality. Many piercers are re-representing the piercing as an option of styling or strong expressions about themselves, and having one of body piercing or tattoos are a means of personal empowerment for some Ger Xers who are typically searching for individualism and control of their lives. These arguments give strong opinions to person by person and it could spread out popular in very short time in publicity. However, following the articles by Lori Wilkerson he said that â€Å"it has existed in many cultures for hundreds of years in many historical countries and many historical reasons are generally about advertise wealthy and the power of men. Another argument in favor of piercing is there is man Griffhorn, 26, owner of Black Hole Professional Body Piercing shop in Reno, mentioned â€Å"Trend is the biggest reason and it ways to reclaim people after physical or sexual abuse†. On the other hand, opponents including many doctors point out that it refers to regarding the possible dangers such as oral piercings cause swollen tongues, excessive bleeding, and typical infections also swallowing of small parts of jewellery. Moreover, according to articles by Quint Miller(2000), there are common piercing problems appeared from people when they ripped their skin from the jewellery either catching on clothing or even being pulled off. It leads to get infections easily especially to get Hepatitis C. Hepatitis C is an infection which is extremely dangerous than other problems because it can causes cirrhosis and cancer of the liver. For this reasons, some medical practitioners said that â€Å"many piercers are providing their services in unsafe environments such as no gloves or masks to remove their jewellery, no sterilization equipment and unsanitary surroundings†. Thus, with all arguments from advatanges and disadantages the first thing we must remember about to care and treats out skins when it gets infections even it is a way of expressions of individuality or favourite things to do. It is also good to know from behind old history why people did body piercings and tattoos, and how it continued to be exist until now. The reason because there are so many different characters of people gathering around and their passionative ideology makes small communities to one big society.

Understanding Deviance and the Criminal Justice System

Deviance has been one of the most apparent behaviors or actions of people who commit and engage themselves in violent crimes. By thoroughly understanding its delineated characterization in John J. Macionis’ Sociology, this behavior in most cases violates the established cultural norms which include lawfully enacted rules and even informal defiance of social customs (Chapter 9). The criminal justice system continuously reforms its standards and practices to efficiently maintain social control and crime to carry out proper sanctioning of people who infringe the law.The foremost goal of each society’s correctional theory is to furnish preclusion to the deviant behaviors of some citizens. The success of the current criminal justice system has been in great argument due to the fact that several people who had spent some time in state prison or jail did not change their whole being to the betterment of themselves and the society. The correctional system faces diverse issues a nd challenges in organizing and operating jails in coping up to the above concerns.The facilities and design of the prison are very significant to exhibit a detention cell that can accommodate the necessities of the prisoners but also administer incarceration and imprisonment to the highest level. Though, modern prison cells and jails are now proficient to progressively prohibit the movements of the prisoners in the facility while providing utmost level of direct custody, the overcapacity of prisoners give way to the utilization of other large buildings like gymnasiums to house huge number of offenders which almost establish likely as dormitories rather than prisons.This might be seen as a straight opposition to the punishment that the law offenders should received, and so make them realize that jail is not as strict and as firm as it should be and going back to such state is not hard to accept when they commit another crime. Due to the possibility of former convicted people to do a nother offense once freed, the rehabilitation program has been sought as one of the major reforms to adhere at this moment. Efforts could greatly be provided to the reformation of not only the penal system but the individuals themselves.Successful and effectual imprisonment curriculum decreases the likelihood of another wrongdoing or recidivism in the future (Andrews and Bonta, 2003). This would also bestow a goal which will fix the deficiencies in the offender and bring them back to the society as a more productive citizen. Moreover, the rehabilitation program will provide the prisoners with work skills; education, proper decorum lessons and self discipline which will equip them with the most appropriate social skills when they step out of detention.Hirchi’s Control Theory discusses four main social controls that can be attached to the rehabilitation program. He conferred: Strong social attachments promote conformity. The more the offenders get access to the justifiable and legitimate opportunity, the greater the possibility of conformity. Deviance can be inhibited through extensive participation in legitimate activities. Deviance can be controlled through sturdy belief in conventional respect and morality for the authority (qtd. in Macionis, Chapter 9).Rehabilitation theories, however, received many arguments that need to be addressed when pursued and mainly incorporated to the penal system. One main issue is the non-availability of scientific research in determining the reaction levels of individuals who will undergo the rehabilitation. This is important in determining the success rate of the rehabilitation scheme. Another concern being raised is the method or philosophy to be utilized for the offender. Resources and funds for the program appear to be too costly and complicated to successfully implement.The complexities of the processes to be used are also being questioned. This is because a modification in the values or behavior of the offenders can traumatically change the behavioral structure of the individual. Though there are still many quandaries being raised, the rehabilitation reform can be practiced in the penal system with appropriate resources. Studies should also be developed in answering the queries being raised by people who believe that extending sentences and making the detention cells and prisons a less desirable place than it is today.The deterrence of crime through a more rigid and strict penal system is a broader path to take by the authorities rather than the rehabilitation program. This is because while offenders may have committed heinous or violent crimes, they are still human beings with rights to take in consideration at all times. Despite the fact that, prisoners are deprived of freedom, they are still fully entitled to their human rights.Furthermore, the criminal justice system’s main objective is defined by the President’s Commission as a stand for the society to â€Å"†enforce the standards of conduct necessary to protect individuals and the community. † Prison reform is far from being over. While crime is prevalent, a more effective penal system should also be utilized. The legal and penal system of a society provides a gauge into the government’s law and order to include morality, it is always best to seek reform for the betterment of the offenders rather than harder punishments that callous not only their individuality but also their souls.

Most effective way to identify risks Essay

Questions 1. What is the most effective way to identify risks like those you noted in the tables? Through the use of Scenario-based risk analysis utilizing different risk factors that could arise 2. What are some important factors when weighing the depth of a formal risk analysis? How would you balance the interruption needed for depth and the need to continue ongoing organizational activity? An in-depth formal risk evaluation should be conducted which lines up with the goals and objectives of the company. There should be a clear outline of the protocols and procedures that will be utilized to attain these goals. 3. What should an organization’s risk management specialist do with the information once a potential risk has been identified? What information would be needed for senior management to know the danger of each risk and the proper way to handle the risk? Risk management specialist’s research and recommend tactics to minimize asset liability, including investigating potential asset loss incidents and enacting policies that comply with safety regulations and industry guidelines. They plan and implement programs for risk management and loss prevention. Risk management specialists generally manage other risk analysts and report to upper management in their organization. 4. How would this specialist properly prioritize these risks to make sure the most important ones were mitigated first? The mitigation of risk should be prioritize based upon their potential effects it could cause the organization. As such, all the avenues for risk should be looked into; this includes the company’s financial impact, operational consequences and legal ramifications. 5. Who is responsible for ensuring that an identified risk is addressed by the organization? What role does the analyst play? What role does senior management play? What roles do the analyst and senior management each play in addressing organizational risks? The system analyst or manager is responsible for identifying risks and making sure that they are minimized. The senior administration provides fiscal and administrative resources and helps to formalize policies to reduce risk. The senior administration and specialists collectively develop minimization methods and plans.

YMCA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

YMCA - Essay Example YMCA Canada strong position profile is that YMCAs must demonstrate impact on individuals’ spirits, minds, and bodies while ensuring strong kids, families and communities. YMCAs must be valued contributor to communities and influence community relative to its strategic priorities. The YMCAs must has programs that enable members attain their personal goals and assist people to participate in the YMCA and demonstrate growth in participation over time. The YMCA has a culture of member involvement and has identified the audiences and has communication plans to address each audience. It was founded in 1856 with the mission of providing personal growth opportunities in spirit, mind and bodies to people of all backgrounds, beliefs and abilities. The principles of the YMCA are caring, honesty, respect and responsibility. The association served about 28,000 children annually through childcare and camping at 16 childcare locations, 2 residential camps, summer day camps and after school programs (MacDonald, 2013, p 72). It provided 13,025 heath, fitness and recreation (HFR) memberships for adults and children in 5 branches. It made 2,994 assisted HFR memberships and 1,100 assisted camperships and also assisted 310 children in child care. In 2004, childcare contributed 38 percent of revenues, HFR contributed 27 percent and camping services contributed 16 percent. 90 percent of revenues was contributed by participation fees and programs. Programs contracts contributed 7 percent, ancillary 4 percent, United Way 1 percent, and annual donations 2 percent. There are plans f or all senior managers to sign performance contracts on program quality and financial performance. Partnerships have been a critical strategy for long-term success in the attainment of participation of 102,000 individuals by 2010 (MacDonald, 2013, p 79). The service is offered in five

Race Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Race - Essay Example the features of a quadroon in the baby and ultimately abandons his wife and the child only because he thinks Desiree does not have a pure white inheritance: It is also important to note the significant line which defines the entire theme of the story: â€Å"Moreover he no longer loved her, because of the unconscious injury she had brought upon his home and his name (Choplin 664)†. Moreover, the high handed emotional reactions incited by racialism is echoed by poems of yore such as Let America be America Again by Langston Hughes. Strong laments over their fate for being black can be seen in such works: However, the question that still seems to persists is whether the dream of letting â€Å"America be America Again† is now fulfilled. Whether or not the dream of seeing America in its original beauty and Letting â€Å"†¦America be the dream the dreamers dreamed/ Let(ing) it be that great strong land of love/ Where never kings connive nor tyrants scheme† has been fulfilled (Huges 6-8). Perhaps it has. The America that we look at today is the America of diversity, democracy and racial multiplicity. There is perhaps not a single race of this earth that hasn’t walked the street of New York. There is no race that has not had the privilege of calling itself an American. That is because there is no more an identity associated with being an exclusive â€Å"American†. People are African-American, Japanese-American, Chinese-American, Indian-American and numerous others. Whatever country or race we add as prefix to â€Å"American† is an American! The question of apartheid is now almost dead. Being read in the eyes of the world as one of the most diverse civilization of this earth, America is in its best today as far as its wholesome nature of unification and equality is concerned. That is because, there is no culture of this world that America does not have. African is one of them. And any instance of even slight consideration of blacks as primitive to white seems to be a

Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Education - Assignment Example Secondly, the college application process is something that students can be taught and student’s aid are available from different sources Yes it is meaningful and easily understandable by all the stakeholders that for students to continue with their college education they have to know more about college, they should know about the college application process, and they need to be sponsored Yes, because high school courses that prepare students for college education have always been in existence. Secondly, students are usually taught in high school how to write up college application and they are even informed the sources of college aid or scholarships. The program is known as College Success and it is set to run in the any years to come. The program mainly seeks to offer guidance, counseling, and mentorship for students before and after enrollment in colleges to ensure that they continue with their college education and graduate from

Manage recruitment, selection & induction Assignment - 1

Manage recruitment, selection & induction - Assignment Example ruitment of employees at STAR Industries seems to be at logger heads with the legal expectations, a factor that is manifested in the reaction of job applicants as well as some members of the HR department at STAR. According to the email received from Gus Tinsdale reveals much of the practises from the department. The email suggests a number of non compliance cases that depict the reason why his denial for the opportunity as a shift supervisor is not subject to further discussion. For instance, the HR department at STAR could be involved in a possible age discrimination, in which the company makes preference for younger ages, regardless of other qualifications (Baras, Barberà  , Barrio & Rodrà ­guez, 2009). However, there are legal procedures that the company would comply to ensure maximum compliance with the legal provisions. It involves the incorporation of an induction program to the entire HR department on the modern legal recruitment provisions, especially at times when the company requires new employees for various positions. Official communication is made to the members concerned for such training programs, and adherence to the rules of recruitment form part of the new commitments among the members of the HR department. For instance, the HR should adhere to these methods to acquire the right candidates, other than discrimination based on age. After the advertisement of the available vacancies, it is important that the HR department consider a merit based selection, unlike other criteria such as age, in which STAR industry considers ‘youthful’ qualifications. For instance, merit based selection takes into account the following; Communication of new policies forms the backbone on which effective implementation of these policies lies and any breakdown in such results in confusion, wrongdoings and eventual stalling of organizational processes Hughes et al (1999). Choosing the right channel using which to communicate also plays a big part on new policy

Operation Management and control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Operation Management and control - Essay Example For variables control a circuit voltage will be measured based on a sample of only five circuits. The past average voltage for samples of size 5 has been 3.1 volts, and the range has been 1.2 volts. Control charts can indicate when the adjustments are necessary and when they are not. To determine the natural range or control limits of a process and to compare it to its specified limits. If the range of the control limits is wider or higher than the one of the specified limits, the production process will need to be accustomed to inform about the process capabilities and stability. Samples need to be taken on a controlled regular basis and tested to make sure that the quality is acceptable. References: Clarkson, Elizabeth. "A Process Control Primer" February 24, 2000 from: http://members.cox.net/bethclarkson/Articles/ControlCharts.html Bass, Issa. "Control Charts" Sixsigmafirst Group, Inc.2005 from: http://www.sixsigmafirst.com/controlcharts1.htm

Fair Values in Accounting for Financial Instruments Essay - 2

Fair Values in Accounting for Financial Instruments - Essay Example Along with the depth development of financial instruments and fair value accounting practices by national standard setting bodies in many countries, fair value measurements have helped to create a more accurate representation of fact. Because of this, the FASB, IASB and other agencies continue to improve the recognition and measurement standards of financial instruments. For instance, in 1990, Richard C Breeden, the chairman of the SEC pointed out that historical cost for financial reporting does not help to prevent and/or defuse financial risk. As such, fair value accounting should be taken as the measurement of financial instruments (SEC, 1990). Although many people support the implementation of fair value, the debate about this has not stopped and has become fierce; especially after a financial crisis. As means of providing an example, FASB No. 157 provides a definition of â€Å"fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.†(Deans, 2007) There also have another defines set out by IASB including IAS 32 (presentation of Financial Instrument) and IAS 39 (recognition and measurement) which Fair value is defined as â€Å"the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction. (IASB) IAS 39 defines fair value slightly differently from SFAS 157† (Laux & Leuz, 2009). Firstly, the information provided by the fair value accounting method can be considered as more relevant. Generally speaking, such information should satisfy the requirements of relevance and reliability at the same time. Brath explains the quality characteristic of accounting information. In this way, he proposes that it includes reliability, relevance, predictive, timely, neutrality, comparability, etc. (Ball, 2006). Historical costs

HSBC Bank Development Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

HSBC Bank Development - Case Study Example This paper is a review of its strategic planning and resulting growth along with a brief history of the company. The original Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation was started in 1865 by a visionary Scottish businessman called Thomas Sutherland to facilitate growing trade between China and India and the Europe. The company began rapid expansion in Europe and USA even though the main focus was expansion in Asian countries. The company at that time grew large enough even to fund government projects in many developing countries in Asia. World War II saw many of its operations in Asia being closed down. The bank realised that focusing only on Asia was risky and began a expansion program mainly through acquisitions in Europe, Asia and the formation of a organization in the USA. The prominent acquisitions include the Hand Seng Bank, the Mercantile Bank and the British Bank of the Middle East (all in the Asia-Pacific region), the Marine Midland Bank (USA) and the Midland Bank (UK). "The formation of HSBC Holdings plc in 1991, creating a holding company for the entire Group with its shares quoted in London and Hong Kong, showed that the Group viewed Europe and the London market in particular, as a vital part of its future development." (Group History 1980-1999. 2009). A typical departmental structure is explained here. ... It should be noted that the structure is based on its policies of customer service policies and other strategies. The head of the structure is the CEO followed by nine departments. They are legal and financial control, Operations, Human resources, Commercial Banking, Internal Audit, Marketing, Treasury and Personal Financial Services. There is an administrative department under the financial control department. Under the Operations section, there are seven departments, namely IT, Support services, Property and security, Credit operations, Credit cards, Projects and Cash. The ATM department comes under Cash section. Under Commercial Banking, there are the Trade Services and Credit departments. Under the Personal Financial Services Department there are Customer Service, Teller Area, Consumer Finance and Loan Approving Department (for personal financial services). (Organization Chart. 2008). Group structure of HSBC Holdings Plc: Considering the size of the company, the organisational structure of the bank is extremely complex with seven major division and many other divisions formed under each of the seven ones mentioned above. The seven major divisions are HSBC Latin American Holdings (UK) Ltd, Grupo Financiero HSBC SA de CV, HSBC Investment Holdings Plc, HSBC Finance (Netherlands), HSBC Overseas Holding (UK) Ltd, and HSBC Bank Plc. As the name suggests, HSBC Latin America bases its operations in those countries while Grupo Financiero operates in Mexico. HSBC Investment Holding operates in UK and Taiwan. HSBC Finance headquartered in the Netherlands has operations in several countries (mainly in Asia) like Malaysia, Panama, Middle East, Hong Kong, China, Bermuda and Japan. It has control over the original Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking

Management, where is best place to work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management, where is best place to work - Essay Example In regards to high ethical standards, DuPont has been awarded for their focus on integrity and honesty in all business dealings, both with their internal stakeholders and the external client. Many employees in today’s business environment have been exposed to companies that consistently provide false earning statements, use deceptive marketing practices, and further maintain an organizational culture which allows for leadership dishonesty. This type of unethical environment usually has a trickle-down effect on lower level employees when they are coerced, by situation, to engage in similar habits. Thus, in relation to job satisfaction and the security which comes from knowing that an employee works for a company that will not fold due to unethical business practices, DuPont is a leader in providing this highly-focused attitude toward fair and just business dealings. DuPont, due to its multi-billion-dollar capabilities, is able to afford some of the most sophisticated operational software which dramatically eases the workload for many of its employees. Software such as SAP and other enterprise resource planning applications are used in this company to minimize production failures, regulate inventory, streamline purchasing, and enhance quality assurance practices (which leads to faster product turnaround). In a business climate which demands much of their employees in similar industries in relation to workload and responsibilities, having such sophisticated software would make the job environment more enjoyable by minimizing stress and the necessity to work overtime due to the availability of poor or outdated electronic resources; which are often found in smaller or less-profitable companies. Finally, DuPont pays its employees well, offering some of the most competitive salaries to its work force in this industry. For production workers, most of these workers are paid above and beyond what is paid at companies like GM (which often exceed $25/hour),

Democratic legislatures Essay Example for Free

Democratic legislatures Essay The Republican party is unreservedly for sound money. It is unalterably opposed to every effort to debase our currency or disturb our credit. It resumed specie payments in 1879, and since then it has made and kept every dollar as good as gold. This it will continue to do, maintaining all the money of the United States, whether gold, silver or paper, at par with the best money of the world and up to the standard of the most enlightened governments. Towards the middle of the week the group of gentlemen participating in these conferences was increased by several accessions from the number of Mr. McKinleys friends in other states, among whom may be mentioned Mr. Henry C. Payne, William R. Merriam and Melville E. Stone. After his arrival Mr. Henry C. Payne became particularly active in getting the conference together and in having the platform typewritten anew, after every change, and in having copies supplied to each participant. On Friday morning Mr. H. H. Kohlsaat of Chicago joined the conference, having come over from Chicago in response to a telegram particularly for that purpose. Mr. Kohlsaats relation to the whole matter was peculiar. The next step for Mr. Hanna and his assistants was to secure some strong endorsements by the State Conventions. Ohio was already in line, having endorsed McKinley for the nomination in the State Convention of 1895. The Convention of 1896 met at Columbus on March 10. Mr. Foraker, who had recently been elected United States Senator, made a lengthy speech, as temporary chairman, enumerating the many reasons why McKinley should receive the united, hearty, cordial, enthusiastic, and unqualified support of Ohio. The platform contained a ringing endorsement, which was greeted with a volley of cheers, and a resolution was adopted instructing the delegates-at-large to vote and work for his nomination. A telegram was received from the Kansas Convention assuring their support of McKinley, to which Ohio replied with enthusiasm. Wisconsin followed nine days later, and then came Oregon, Nebraska, North Dakota, and even Vermont. Indiana fell into line at an early date. Charles W. Fairbanks, who was to preside as temporary chairman of the convention, called upon General Harrison early in the year, and said to him frankly, If you, General, wish to be a candidate, I shall help you. If not, I am for Major McKinley. Harrison replied that he had wanted the nomination in 1892 and desired to succeed himself, but after four years of Democratic administration the thought of reorganizing the Government was intolerable. He added with twinkling eye, Your friend Cleveland is making my administration luminous. Indiana soon after declared for McKinley. McKinley wanted to retain the systems mobility and diversity, to let men fulfill their talents. He championed tariff protection specifically and the Republican party generally because he rightly understood that both promoted national interests. Naturally and honestly echoing the rhetoric of responsible individualism, he did not seek to advance at societys expense. The belief that material security fostered social responsibility might be as idealistic as facile self-sacrifice based on mans alleged innate goodness and rationality, but it at least accepted limitations in democratic politics, and the understandable reluctance of men to abandon old ideals. Some Republicans, and many Democrats, represented only business interests, but McKinleys background, personality, and constituency opened his mind to change and moderation. As a congressman, he favored civil service reform, federal protection of voting rights, and workable business regulation, reflecting the needs and aspirations of an expanding middle and working class. Like Mark Hanna, he had many friends in organized labor, and protection heightened his appeal in shops and factories. He visited the mines, warehouses, forges, and plants in his district, and got a warm welcome from most workers. His uncertain district, which Democratic legislatures regularly gerrymandered, was a blessing in disguise. He never had the luxury of safety. In American politics, a safe constituency was the kiss of death, since it isolated leaders from change and new demands. McKinleys whole congressional career sharpened his talents for compromise. In his own time, he was a liberal Republican, as many followers who later became reformers readily attested. I always felt that McKinley represented the newer view, Robert La Follette recalled. Of course, McKinley was a high protectionist, but on the great new questions as they arose he was generally on the side of the public and against private interests. By 1896, the Ohioan well represented the elements that could give the GOP a long lease on life.

Hrm roles in change management issues

Hrm roles in change management issues Identify, Evaluate And Discuss Human Resource Management Roles In Change Management Issues. Executive Summary Change management is the process, tools and techniques to manage the people-side of change to achieve the required business outcome. Successful change addresses both the technical and the people side. Change management focus is helping individual employee make their own personal transition. The organizational viewpoint is â€Å"The Change† to how we do business; whereas the individual viewpoint is â€Å"The Change† from how one does his or her job today, to how one will do his or her job after the change is implemented. Today, the world of human resource management is changing more rapidly than ever changing. Human resource roles in many multinational organizations are facing constant challenges as a result, of constant environmental changes. The emphasis of human resource management is adding value as organizational player, the role of the human resource department becoming more multi-dimensional in many multinational organizations. This paper context will identify and evaluate why human resource management today is taking advantage of gradual yet profound changes in the nature of the field in the current human resource management best practices, and overall human resource management policies, mission and vision. Human Resource Management functions or roles are performed in many organizations by different functional heads independently. The most important challenge in recession period is revolutionizing of the human resource systems to identify, maintain, develop and utilize talents across the organization to their fullest capacities. An organization may claim that it has the best of the systems to identify talents across the organization. Human resource has now a chance again to prove their value creation role in the corporate if it understands what it needs to do now. Some of the basic strategies should be followed by the corporate managers i.e. reduce administrative and establishment costs, hold large bonuses and reward payments, create participative forums for dealing with the difficult times ahead, retaining top talents should be emphasized by the human resource managers to the management and human resource managers need to network with fellow managers to find out how best to visualize the problems and try to solve them. There are basically four distinct human resource roles classified (Kossek and Block, 2000, Pg 3.18) in the human resource activities into four distinct roles: Transactions, Translations, Transitions and Transformations. Generally, the transaction and translation roles are more focused on people and have a short-term view, whereas the transition and transformation roles are more oriented towards improvement or transformation of new processes; where organizational processes are realigned to support ‘customer and market demands, and having a future orientation. In short, the transaction roles include human resource activities such as hiring and firing people, protecting employees welfare, ensuring on-time pay as well as handling employee grievances. The human resource role is building an efficient infrastructure by acting as an â€Å"administrative expert† (Kossek Block p.3.19); however, the translation role of human resource is the communication responsibilities associate d with the listening and responding to employees and customer concerns, as well as explaining to and implementing the policies established by top management to the employees. Today. the human resource role also act as an employee champion and advocate by ensuring that their views and rights are being expressed; such as communicating to employees the human resource policy relating to matters like career opportunities, laws and legislations, business operating objectives and customer needs. Moreover, the transition role simply refers to the execution of human resource activities, policies and best practices making all necessary on-going changes to support or improve the companys business operational and strategic objectives. Typically, such role is focused on the implementation of new or revised human resource practices and long term procedural changes in the human resource policies and best practices. Lastly; the transformation role of the human resource roles acts as an agent and realigns the human resource systems to support Introduction In todays arena the most common word we come across are recession and downturn. Therefore, organizations must make plan for recession or downturns as it does to plan for good, economic times. The management people and employees may experience anxiety around issues during an economic crisis or downturn. This assignment context identifies the possible challenges of human resource management roles in the global recession situation. Beginning with the definition of human resource management and its roles in an organization through analyzing how the human resource activities is adding value and contribute to the organizations overall effectiveness. Basically, change is complex and there is no single solution. Having an effective leadership is a key enabler as it provides the vision and the rationale for change in the organization. Launching a change initiative is not likely to succeed if the organization is not change-ready. During a downturn, human resource role acts as an employee champion and advocate by ensuring that their views and rights are being expressed; such as communicating to employees the human resource policy relating to matters like career opportunities, laws and legislations, business operating objectives and customer needs. Moreover, the transition role simply refers to the execution of human resource activities, policies and best practices making all necessary on-going changes to support or improve the companys business operational and strategic objectives. Typically, this role is focused on the implementation of new or revised human resource practices and long term procedural changes in the human resource policies and best practices. Lastly; the transformation role of the human resource roles acts as an agent and realigns the human resource systems to support massive organizational change. Other than, those above roles stated could also be categorized into administrative experts, empl oyee champions, change agent and strategic approach respectively. It also represents a sweeping attempt to overcome the negative counter images of the personnel function and re-invent a new set of proactive roles for HR professionals (Ulrich, 1998 p.124) Elements Of Change Management Fundamentals Organizational change often presents human resource with a significant opportunity to engage in activities that impact business outcomes, as the Corporate Leadership Council teaching module provides an overview of the fundamentals of change management and the role of human resource. Such teaching module supports business organizations with the following change management fundamentals: diagnosing change-driven business problems; identifying the skills necessary to manage change; selecting the right change strategy; and overcoming barriers to change. Corporate Cultural Change Changing a corporate culture is an ongoing process, which takes time and requires constant monitoring. It is about transforming the organization through continuous influence and the shaping of beliefs, assumptions, values, and patterns of behavior of people towards creating a desired work environment. This Corporate Leadership Council research focuses on the challenges and solutions faced by organizations attempting to change the corporate culture. Major factors in this process in include leadership, timing, and behavior management. Once a corporate culture is in place, there are practices within the organization that act to maintain it by giving employees a set of similar experiences. For example, many of the human resource practices reinforce the organizations culture; such as the selection process, performance evaluation criteria, reward practices, training and career development activities, and promotion procedures ensure that those hired fit in with the culture, reward those who support it, and penalize those who challenge it. Three forces play a particularly important part in sustaining a culture, selection practices, the actions of top management, and socialization methods. Alternatives Of Downsizing For organizations to avoid possible downsizing issues, they can take the following steps as alternatives: Part Time Job – Reduce or cut the number of job hours and pay employee on hourly basis to engage employee with the company, and during his free time he can do any other work for earnings. Work at Home Give access to the employees to work at home rather then coming at office. This step will reduce the operational cost of the organization. Shift of Department One business unit of the organization is not doing well, organization can shift the employees to other business unit. Outsource Employees Organization can provide outsourcing services is specialized domain so their employees can work on other company projects. During these uncertain times, corporate will realize the importance of having competent skilled workforce which will ensure that focus stays on trainings but there may be a major reduction in training budgets. In this time any decision taken by the company impacts each individual personally rumors float around. Its top managements duty as human resource to ensure that the communication channels are kept open, transparency is maintained. We also need to ensure that accurate communication happens on time in full, instead of employees hearing things with details from the grapevine first. Adequate support from leaders and managers in terms of people management processes to find ways to keep up the motivation levels of employees. If the corporate plans are to retrench a portion of the workforce, counseling should be provided to those both employees who will be staying back but also the employees who have been asked to leave, be fair with them. Resistance To Change Resistance to change can be defined as an individual or group engaging in acts to block or disrupt an attempt to introduce change. Resistance itself can take many different forms from subtle undermining of change initiatives or withholding of information to active resistance, for instance through strikes. Similarly, there are two broad types of resistance: Resistance to the content of change; for example, a specific change in technology or introduction of a particular reward system in an organization. Resistance to the process of change. It concerns the way a change is introduced rather than the object of change per se; for example, management re-structure jobs without prior consultation of affected employees. The Strategic Roles Of Human Resource In Organizational Transformation Human resource can and should play a key strategic role in developing and implementing organizational transition and transformation strategies. It can provide help and guidance in analysis and diagnosis, highlighting the people issues that will fundamentally affect the success of the strategy. Human resource can advise on resourcing programmes and planning and implementing the vital learning, reward, communications and involvement aspects of the process. It can anticipate people problems and deal with them before they become serious. If the programme does involve restructuring and downsizing, human resource can advise on how this should be done humanely and with the minimum disruption to peoples live. When the corporate is in turbulence zone, human resource can put its categorical best in ensuring that he guides the corporate successfully. Human resource needs to be very powerful in such situations because they not only have to maintain the people motivation level but has to increase it using non-monetary tools. There are certain points that human resource can opt for in such a situation where people are insecure about their job. Human resource can pay attention to develop the people on key skills and enhance competencies. Human resource has to play an active role in refrain the top talents, act as a caring mother while top performers punished with being rewarded for their performances, get people aligned and developed to fight with this critical situation, develop people on cross functional skills to balance the surplus and shortage of workforce, help the corporate to raise the people performance bar, ensure the fair evaluation of people performance, play an active role in control of communication flow, pass the onus of making the corporate lean, review its minor low cost benefits and contribute to enhance the value addition per employee by maximizing employees inputs. What Can Human Resource Do During A Downsizing? Human resource needs to be proactive and come up with early interventions as for any organization to survive during recession; the ability to retain its best people is must. During these days, human resource people sometimes even take the harsh decision of reducing the numbers and land up at downsizing. The word downsizing is even taken as rightsizing and optimizing but we may not know or ignore the fact that neither the bad situation nor the good conditions lasts long. The organization needs to invest in learning and development by providing appropriate learning opportunities and facilities, but the prime responsibility for learning and development rests with individuals, who will be given the guidance and support of their managers and, as necessary members of the human resource department. Develop and share the vision, belief in a desired and emerging future. Provide employees with a supportive learning environment where learning capabilities can be discovered and applied, for example, peer networks, supportive policies and systems, protected time for learning. When the going is tough, human resource and managers to challenge the challenges and the remedy is to downsizing the dignified way. Moreover, this is the time to implement new ideas; change the Human Resource Management processes and change the procedures. All this has to be done in a way that it cuts costs and motivates people. Human Resources Perspective And Sustaining Role The present challenges of human resource management are corporate reorganization, sustaining companys position and growth, changing demographic workforce, knowledgeable and multi skill workforce, changing mindset of workforce, new industrial relation approach and society based corporate responsibility. There are many more possibilities of sustaining human resources increasing role as not only growth catalyst but sustaining business through greater employee engagement. Therefore, human resource professionals needs to tighten their belts and get ready for some challenging yet meaningful activities which will help to change the perception of human resource forever. The economic crisis is forcing to separate some employee and there is no way around. Do it, but avoid creating a panic around, in employees, in investors, in market and in country by crying loud about the recession. Human resources task is also great, if the human resource manager creates conducive environment through his or her professional approach in achieving productivity, with the support of all teams which is the need of the hour. Business has experienced different dynamics that pose many challenges. Human resource and enforcement authorities together strive for achieving the common goals like compliance and adherence. Human resource makes all efforts to create and sustain an employer and employee friendly atmosphere and responding to the current needs and challenges. Human Resources Responsibility In todays economic melt down where job cuts, loss, pay reduction, last come first go, insecurity of employment atmosphere prevail, human resource has special responsibility to create ease environment to the affected by counseling, displaying care and concern, preparing them for multi skill task, engaging and deploying in other required areas of functions like security, crisis management team. Human resource should engage in more positive side, making and helping employees to reform, perform and transform which will ultimately make a solid impact on business. Conclusion Human Resource Management must be able to address the right kind of demands related to Human Resource functions or roles during the recession. Human Resource Management must play a highly proactive role in managing the issues of global recession by helping organization to enhance their abilities to learn and collaborates, manage diversity, ambiguity and complexity. Human Resource Management is responsible to manage the human resource of the corporate to maximize the productivity, efficiency at minimal cost and maximize profit. During this global recession, Human Resource Management is facing the many challenges and changes in organizational level, workplace and human resource department level itself. The challenges faced by Human Resource Managers effectively if proper strategies are implemented. The recession is the temporary economic climate of the business world. It will be changed through more productivity at minimal cost and maximize profit at moderate price of products in busin ess. Reference Dive, Brain; The Healthy Organization : A revolutionary approach to people and management; Kogan Page Armstrong, Michael; Strategic Human Resource Management 3rd Edition : p.98-136 Emerging issues in Human Resource Management: Pramod Vernia publishes and IBH publish (p) Ltd., Khanka, S.S.;: Human Resource Management Khanka Indian Journal of Industrial Relation Vol.35 No.1 July 1999 Human Resource Development News letter July 2006, Vol.22 issue The ICFAI journal of organizational behavior October 2006 Management trends Vol.2.No.2.April2005- Sept. 2005. Role of HR during recession, HRD News Letter Jan09 Vol.24.iss.10 p.22 HR has to Challenge the Challenges, HRDNews Letter Jan09Vol.24.iss.10 p.22

Satires Analysis

Satires Analysis John Donnes Life and Satires Analysis John Donne was born in 1572 in Breadstreet, London. Many call him the founder of metaphysical poets. He and his two siblings were raised by their mother after their father died in 1576. Donne and his family were strict Roman Catholics, but Donne later questioned his religion. His brother Henry died in prison in 1953 of a fever. He was in prison for giving sanctuary to a priest and it was soon after this that Donne wrote his first book of poems. The book was entitled Satires, and it has long been considered one of his best works. This really says a lot about his ability considering that it was his first published work. During this time Donne did very well for himself and he had what seemed to be a very promising career. All he had gained was ruined when he secretly married Anne More, daughter of Sir George More. More had Donne and his friends thrown in Fleet prison for several weeks. He was then fired from his job and he and his wife lived in poverty for almost ten years. Soon after this they moved to Pyrford, Surrey where they began to raise a family. Finally, in 1609 Sir More and Donne reconciled and More paid his daughters dowry. This helped them greatly financially. They also received help from friends and soon returned to their feet. Donne worked many odd jobs over the next few years and published many works. In two different works he denounced his Catholic faith. He later joined the Anglican Church and became a preacher. His wife died not long after, just as things were beginning to look up for Donne. They had twelve children together and only seven of them were alive when she died. Donne then returned to London in 1920 where he wrote the majority of his works. In 1621 he was chosen to be the Dean of St. Pauls and he held that position until he died. While in London he also became quite engrossed with death. The last thing Donne wrote before he died was Hymn to God, My God, In My Sickness. He died on March 31, 1631 before the great fire of London destroye d the city in 1666. Donnes monument survived the fire and it can be seen still to this day. Donnes book Satires was written early in his career. He was in his early twenties when it was completed. It consists of five different satires and it was quite popular. The first three were written around 1593 and the last two were written around 1597. The exact dates of his elegies and satires are not known, but they were probably written around the same time. The book wasnt published right away, but it circulated more than his songs, sonnets, and elegies did combined. His songs and sonnets were more popular and revealed more of his inner self and his soul. The book is about average poets, politics, religion, and other Elizabethan topics. â€Å"The Satyres are considered by some to be among the best examples of their particular genre, formal verse satire, but this genre, based upon Roman models and especially on Juvenals satire, had only a brief vogue in the 1590s† (Zivley 87). Donnes first satire is entitled â€Å"Nones Slave†. â€Å"The object of the speakers contempt and the subject of ‘Satyre I is ultimately his own fallen state and, by extension, the fallen state of man† (Lauritsen 123). He explores many different ways of asserting his freedom in the corrupt, distorted English government. It depicts the ins and outs of court life. Donne believed one should be able to do as he wished. He didnt think anyone should be limited by the government or their religion. Most of Donnes early poetry dealt with this topic. He wanted prestige and a more worldly position without obeying the current laws to obtain it. Donne was the victim of Englands oppressive legal system numerous times and he still fought for the freedom he deserved. The protagonist is continually being distracted from his studies by a young boy. The two characters are complete opposites and they butt heads. The protagonist is a simple, peaceful man and he doesnt care for materia l things. The boy isnt quite as simple and he is very materialistic. He judges his friends by their appearance and social standing. The second satire condemns vices and it includes very little praise. It centers on corrupt lawyers and fraud. Cocus is an earlier poet and he is the antagonist of the satire. â€Å"The description of Cocus in ‘Satyre II is the only extended portrait of a contemporary writer in Donnes satires, and even in that poem he reserves most of his scorn for Cocuss behavior as a lawyer† (Dubrow 80). He uses fraud to harm his clients and others. Their losses become his personal gain. The protagonist seems to be a guardian to Cocus and he calls him up for judgment. He goes on an unrelated rant when asked to account for his own actions. However, he isnt afraid to condemn Cocus when asked about his practice. The protagonist believes lawyers to be the worst of all sinners. He even places them below Satan himself. In Donnes third satire entitled â€Å"Of Religion†, he describes some of the most radical thoughts of Europe in the 16th Century. In this poem he criticizes all authority in that time. He especially criticizes both the Catholic and Protestant faiths. Nothing religious or secular was safe from Donnes criticisms. â€Å"Most critics agree that the satire represents a transitional stage in the progress of Donnes religious thought from Roman Catholicism to Anglicanism while they differ on whether it illustrates his struggle to renounce the faith in which he was raised or his search for a new faith† (Moore 41). He also stated that we are all responsible for the state of our own souls. The protagonist is the only character included in this satire. He starts out in a state of depression and his mood gradually improves. This improvement comes through a chain of questions and reasoning. He is now on a search for spiritual truth. He believes that there is only one true religion f or mankind. He just isnt sure which religion is the right one. This is by far the most popular and recognizable of the five satires. In Donnes fourth satire he speaks of many different things. He wrote about the assault of foreigners in England, perpetual rights, Guianas rarities, Danes massacre, and Roman Catholic historians. Foreigners were highly unpopular in England and they were often harassed and assaulted. He spoke of perpetual rights or promises of offices given to people. Danes massacre refers to the killing of all the Danes in England by order of Ethelred on November 13, 1002. The Roman Catholic historians that Donne spoke of were Jovius and Surius. They were both known as liars and took much blame from Donne. A young antagonist appears in this satire, and he is much like the antagonist in the second satire. The protagonist serves as a reflection of Donne himself. â€Å"Despite the playful tone, however, the emphasis is firmly on the speakers guilt† (Bradbury 95). Donne criticizes the protagonist for his many sins. His fifth satire is a persuasive poem and it is based on The Courtier written by Castiglione. It also returns to the second satire by including the theme of law. It showcases his public duty much like his other four satires. In this one his public duty is to serve as Sir Thomas Mores secretary and it is addressed to his patron, Sir Thomas Egerton the moral courtier. Officers who take advantage of their suitors are now under attack. This satire is usually the most ignored and the least understood. There has always been much speculation over the meanings of John Donnes works. Critics still view him highly although his works are often misinterpreted. He was and still is considered one of the greatest metaphysical poets of his time. Works Cited Bradbury, Nancy M. Speaker and Structure in Donnes Satyre IV. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 25.1 (1985): 87-107. JSTOR. Web. 23 Nov. 2009. Dubrow, Heather. â€Å"No Man Is an Island: Donnes Satires and Satiric Traditions. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 19.1 (1979): 71- 83. JSTOR. Web. 23 Nov. 2009. Lauritsen, John R. Donnes Satyres: The Drama of Self-Discovery. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 16.1 (1976): 117-30. JSTOR. Web. 22 Nov. 2009. Moore, Thomas V. Donnes Use of Uncertainty as a Vital Force in Satyre III Modern Philology 67.1 (1969): 41-49. JSTOR. Web. 22 Nov. 2009. Zivley, Sherry. Imagery in John Donnes Satyres. Studies in English Literature 6.1 (1966): 87-95. JSTOR. Web. 22 Nov. 2009.

The Role of Propaganda in China Gate, The Green Berets, and Rambo: First Blood, Part Two :: Movie Film Essays

The Role of Propaganda in China Gate, The Green Berets, and Rambo: First Blood, Part Two â€Å"Film has established itself as a major medium by which our culture reflects and shapes its reality† (Taylor 186). Nowhere is Bruce Taylor’s statement made more clear than in movies about the Vietnam War. While some films, like Stanley Kubrick’s Full Metal Jacket, illustrate how horrible the army can be, other Vietnam War films glorify the armed services and American superiority in an attempt to alleviate the public’s fears that the war was a negative undertaking. China Gate (1957), The Green Berets (1968), and Rambo: First Blood, Part Two (1985) all glorify Americans at war. As Leo Cawley claims in his essay, â€Å"The War about the War: Vietnam Films and American Myth,† they sought to show that â€Å"the Americans are the good guys, the Viet Cong are the bad guys, and the peasants are the frightened townsfolk who need protection and rule of law† (74). The characters in these films have no ambiguity to them, but rather just the opposite : they are either paradigms of goodness or pillars of evil. By analyzing these one-dimensional characterizations, we are clearly able to see the propaganda in these films. Propaganda in films did not begin with the sending of U.S. troops to Vietnam. As the French were slowly losing the battle in Southeast Asia in the 1950s and the United States was consequently taking over monetary as well as human forces there, an explanation was necessary for the American people. Samuel Fuller’s China Gate was made to offer just that. Filmed when the U.S. was already active in Vietnam but not yet involved in an outright war, the movie, which has â€Å"a rather clear political intent,† attempts to, as David E. Whillock says, â€Å"produce a positive image of involvement in Southeast Asia to the American public† (305). The film seeks to influence American audiences against the Communists and to show the public that Americans are just trying to help the poor South Vietnamese. Made at a time when the Red Scare was at its height, China Gate is an obvious representation of the fear of Communism in that era. In fact, at the time the film was ma de, there were over two hundred suspected Communists blacklisted by the Hollywood studios themselves (Belton 242). This attitude comes through in the film right from the beginning with a voice-over that Rick Berg, in his essay â€Å"Losing Vietnam: Covering the War in an Age of Technology,† calls a â€Å"political endorsement disguised as a history lesson† (53).

Essay --

North Korea China’s North Korean Refugee Dilemma The current state of North Korea’s economy and policy is what has led to the explosive migration of refugees to China and South Korea. The collapse of the Soviet Union as well as the death of Kim Il Sung are two of the biggest factors leading to North Korea’s downward spiral, and the rate of defection continues to increase. The leading reason for this great migration is the serious food crisis, dismal living conditions, labor exploitation, violation of human rights, and political persecution. North Korean’s seek freedom, ironically, in China, North Korea’s biggest political ally and trading partner. As a fellow communist state sharing a border, China is well known for its hostility towards refugees. The country maintains the mindset that it has the moral obligation to return all defectors back to where they came from, where they will most likely be forced to work in concentration camps or killed, along with their families. Even defectors who are successful have the difficulty of living with insecure legal status, and risk of deportat...

Product life-cycle theory Essay

The product life-cycle theory is an economic theory that was developed by Raymond Vernon in response to the failure of theHeckscher-Ohlin model to explain the observed pattern of international trade. The theory suggests that early in a product’s life-cycle all the parts and labor associated with that product come from the area in which it was invented. After the product becomes adopted and used in the world markets, production gradually moves away from the point of origin. In some situations, the product becomes an item that is imported by its original country of invention.[1] A commonly used example of this is the invention, growth and production of thepersonal computer with respect to the United States. The model applies to labor-saving and capital-using products that (at least at first) cater to high-income groups. In the new product stage, the product is produced and consumed in the US; no export trade occurs. In the maturing product stage, mass-production techniques are developed and foreign demand (in developed countries) expands; the US now exports the product to other developed countries. In the standardized product stage, production moves to developing countries, which then export the product to developed countries. The model demonstrates dynamic comparative advantage. The country that has the comparative advantage in the production of the product changes from the innovating (developed) country to the developing countries. Product life-cycle There are five stages in a product’s life cycle: Introduction Growths Maturity Saturation Decline The location of production depends on the stage of the cycle. Introduction New products are introduced to meet local (i.e., national) needs, and new products are first exported to similar countries, countries with similar needs, preferences, and incomes. If we also presume similar evolutionary patterns for all countries, then products are introduced in the most advanced nations. (E.g., the IBM PCs were produced in the US and spread quickly throughout the industrialized countries.) A copy product is produced elsewhere and introduced in the home country (and elsewhere) to capture growth in the home market. This moves production to other countries, usually on the basis of cost of production. (E.g., the clones of the early IBM PCs were not produced in the US.) The Period till the Maturity Stage is known as the Saturation Period. The industry contracts and concentrates—the lowest cost producer wins here. (E.g., the many clones of the PC are made almost entirely in lowest cost locations.) This is a period of stability. The sales of the product reach the peak and there is no further possibility to increase it. this stage is characterised by: Saturation of sales (at the early part of this stage sales remain stable then it starts falling). It continues till substitutes enter into the market. Marketer must try to develop new and alternative uses of product. Poor countries constitute the only markets for the product. Therefore almost all declining products are produced in developing countries. (E.g., PCs are a very poor example here, mainly because there is weak demand for computers in developing countries. A better example is textiles.) Note that a particular firm or industry (in a country) stays in a market by adapting what they make and sell, i.e., by riding the waves. For example, approximately 80% of the revenues of H-P are from products they did not sell five years ago. the profits go back to the host old country. Product Life Cycle Theory Raymond Vernon developed the international product life cycle theory in the 1960s. The international product life cycle theory stresses that a company will begin to export its product and later take on foreign direct investment as the product moves through its life cycle. Eventually a country’s export becomes its import. Although the model is developed around the U.S, it can be generalised and applied to any of the developed and innovative markets of the world. The product life cycle theory was developed during the 1960s and focused on the U.S since most innovations came from that market. This was an applicable theory at that time since the U.S dominated the world trade. Today, the U.S is no longer the only innovator of products in the world. Today companies design new products and modify them much quicker than before. Companies are forced to introduce the products in many different markets at the same time to gain cost benefits before its sales declines. The theory does not e xplain trade patterns of today. New trade theory New trade theory (NTT) is a collection of economic models in international trade which focuses on the role of increasing returns to scale and network effects, which were developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. New trade theorists relaxed the assumption of constant returns to scale, and some argue that using protectionist measures to build up a huge industrial base in certain industries will then allow those sectors to dominate the world market. Less quantitative forms of a similar â€Å"infant industry† argument against totally free trade have been advanced by trade theorists since at least 1848 (see: History of free trade). Contents †¢1 The theory’s impact †¢2 Econometric testing †¢3 History of the theory’s development o3.1 â€Å"New† new trade theory †¢4 Theoretical foundations o4.1 See also o4.2 References o4.3 External links The theory’s impact Although there was nothing particularly ‘new’ about the idea of protecting ‘infant industries’ (an idea offered in theory since the 18th century, and in trade policy since the 1880s) what was new in â€Å"new trade theory† was the rigour of the mathematical economics used to model the increasing returns to scale, and especially the use of the network effect to argue that the formation of important industries was path dependent in a way which industrial planning and judicious tariffs might control. The models developed were highly technical, and predicted the possibilities of national specialization-by-industry observed in the industrial world (movies in Hollywood, watches in Switzerland, etc.). The story of path-dependent industrial concentrations can sometime lead to monopolistic competition or even situations of oligopoly. Some economists, such as Ha-Joon Chang, had argued that free trade would have prevented the development of the Japanese auto industries in the 1950s, when quotas and regulations prevented import competition. Japanese companies were encouraged to import foreign production technology but were required to produce 90% of parts domestically within five years. It is said[who?] that the short-term hardship of Japanese consumers (who were unable to buy the superior vehicles produced by the world market) was more than compensated for by the long-term benefits to producers, who gained time to out-compete their international rivals.[1] Econometric testing The econometric evidence for NTT was mixed, and highly technical. Due to the timescales required, and the particular nature of production in each ‘monopolizable’ sector, statistical judgements were hard to make. In many ways, the available data have been too limited to produce a reliable test of the hypothesis, which doesn’t require arbitrary judgements from the researchers. Japan is cited as evidence of the benefits of â€Å"intelligent† protectionism, but critics[who?] of NTT have argued that the empirical support post-war Japan offers for beneficial protectionism is unusual, and that the NTT argument is based on a selective sample of historical cases. Although many examples (like Japanese cars) can be cited where a ‘protected’ industry subsequently grew to world status, regressions on the outcomes of such â€Å"industrial policies† (which include failures) have been less  conclusive; some findings suggest that sectors targeted by Ja panese industrial policy had decreasing returns to scale and did not experience productivity gains.[2] History of the theory’s development The theory was initially associated with Paul Krugman in the late 1970s; Krugman claims that he heard about monopolistic competition from Robert Solow. Looking back in 1996 Krugman wrote that International economics a generation earlier had completely ignored returns to scale. â€Å"The idea that trade might reflect an overlay of increasing-returns specialization on comparative advantage was not there at all: instead, the ruling idea was that increasing returns would simply alter the pattern of comparative advantage.† In 1976, however, MIT-trained economist Victor Norman had worked out the central elements of what came to be known as the Helpman-Krugman theory. He wrote it up and showed it to Avinash Dixit. However, they both agreed the results were not very significant. Indeed Norman never had the paper typed up, much less published. Norman’s formal stake in the race comes from the final chapters of the famous Dixit-Norman book.[3] James Brander, a PhD student at Stanford at the time, was undertaking similarly innovative work using models from industrial organisation theory—cross-hauling—to explain two-way trade in similar products.[citation needed] â€Å"New† new trade theory Marc Melitz and Pol Antrà  s stated a new trend in the study of international trade. While new trade theory put emphasis on the growing trend of intermediate goods, this new trend emphasizes firm level differences in the same industry of the same country and this new trend is frequently called ‘new’ new trade theory (NNTT).[4][5] NNTT stresses the importance of firms rather than sectors in understanding the challenges and the opportunities countries face in the age of globalization.[6] As international trade is increasingly liberalized, industries of comparative advantage are expected to expand, while those of comparative disadvantage are expected to shrink, leading to an uneven spatial distribution of the corresponding economic activities. Within the very same industry, some firms are not able to cope with international competition while others thrive. The resulting intra-industry reallocations of market shares and productive resources are  much more pronounced than inter-industry reallocations driven by comparative advantage. Theoretical foundations New trade theory and â€Å"new† new trade theory (NNTT) need their own trade theory. New trade theories are often based on assumptions such as monopolistic competition and increasing returns to scale. One of the typical explanation, given by P. Krugman, depends on the assumption that all firms are symmetrical, meaning that they all have the same production coefficients. This is too strict as an assumption and deprived general applicability of Krugman’s explanation. Shiozawa, based on much more general model, succeeded in giving a new explanation on why the traded volume increases for intermediates goods when the transport cost decreases.[7] â€Å"New† new trade theory (NNTT) also needs new theorectical foundation. Melitz and his followers concentrate on empirical aspects and pay little interest on theoretical aspects of NNTT. Shiozawa’s new construction, or Ricardo-Sraffa trade theory, enables Ricardian trade theory to include choice of techniques. Thus the theory can treat a situation where there are many firms with different production processes. Based on this new theory, Fujimoto and Shiozawa[8] analyze how different production sites, either of competing firms or of the same firms locating in the different countries, compete. Porter’s Theory of Competitive Advantage of Nations of International Trade NIRAV S Micheal Porter’s Theory of Competitive Advantage of Nations against the Theory of Competitive advantage sought to examine the issue of why some nation’s business firms succeeded high in international/global competition. The theory of competitive advantage probes into three major aspects of trade phenomenon: i. Why does a nation succeed international in a particular industry? ii. What influence does a nation carry on competition in specific industries and their segments? iii. Why do a nation’s firms choose particular strategies of business? Porter’s analysis begins with following premises: 1. The nature of competition and the sources of competitive advantage differentials in the industries. 2. Successful global enterprises draw  competitive advantages through their value chain of worldwide network. 3. Innovation is the pillion of gaining/sustaining competitive advantage. 4. Pioneering and aggressive competitors in exploiting new market/technology are most successful. Porter undertook intensive research of 100 industries in ten countries. On the basis of empirical investigation, Porter identified for attributes of nation which determine (promote, impede) its competitive advantage referred to as Porter’s Diamond in. The Porter’s Diamond narrates for major attributes: Factor Conditions A country’s factor endowments or supply of factors of production such as human resources, physical resources, knowledge resources, location, capital resources and infrastructure play a significant role in determining its national competitive advantage. Besides basic factors (e.g., natural resources, climate, etc.,) advanced factors (e.g., skilled labour, communications infrastructure, technology) are the crucial determinants of the capabilities and competitiveness of a nation. Advanced factors are declined by the efforts of the individuals, firms, institution and government in a country. Japan’s success may largely be attributed to its advanced factors creation rather than basic factors arability. A nation can overcome its deficiency or comparative disadvantage of basic factors endowment by focusing on creation of advanced factors to improve its competitive advantage. Demand Conditions The demand conditions in home market is important in stimulating domestic firms to undertake innovation and improve quality of products. When domestic buyers are sophisticated, a pressure in the market is created for the domestic firms to meet high standards of quality demanded. For example, Japanese knowledge buyers have induced the Japanese camera manufacturers to produce innovative models first in the home market and then for the exports. Similarly, local customers in Sweden have stimulated Ericsson to invest in cellular phone equipment industry much before the rising global demand. A nations demand conditions, thus, refer to: i. The nature of home buyers needs – their sophistication and fastidiousness ii. The size and pattern of growth of home market iii. The timing of development of demands relative to buyer in foreign markets iv. The knowledge presence of domestic buyers in foreign markets and their preferences. v. The timing of market saturation and challenges at home market provide a strong reason to acquire global competitive position to a business firm. Suppliers and Related Industries National advantage in an industry is also conditioned by the preserve of vigorous home-based suppliers of cost-effective and quality inputs or related supporting industries. For example, the US success in several electronic goods including personal computers is attributed to the growth of semiconductor industry in the country. Same is the case with Malaysia to some extent. Likewise, Sweden steel industry has contributed much to the success of Sweden’s output in ball bearings and cutting tools. Successful industrial growth in the exporting country may emerge on quantum of the growing clusters of related/supervising industries. German textile and approach sector is a chronic case in this regard – (textile machinery, sewing machine needles, textile clothes forming the cluster of textile exporting industry of the country). Ongoing coordination and just-in-time strategy is easy when such cluster industrial growth occurs in a nation.

Ethical considerations Essay

Deception the players were non aware that they were taking part in a psychological study nigh memory until after the study had taken place in order to cut out the risk of bias in the audition. afterward they were informed and were minded(p) the opportunity to retrieve their responses without prejudice. They were told that no names would be preserve and that confidentiality was assured of their result.A nonher risk would be if people then realised the prove foot raceed memory they could think it was to do with intelligence and worry that they would be judged as stupid if they did non cerebrate many a(prenominal) lyric. This could ca hire of goods and services psychological distress to that some iodine and talent confirm personal fears of insecurity ca exercising further damage. This could be controlled by warning the thespian what the study was acquittance to be about out front they did it so if they felt embarrassed or stressed about their result they could ta ke out a to a greater extent than informed decision not to take part.ResultsThis t equal to(p) shows how many haggling were regressed by each participant. It shows that the mean average list of spoken language recalled in cultivate A was 15.08 1.59 slight than specialize B at 16.67. It also allows us to acquire that 2/3 of the participants recalled to a greater extent than oral communication with incorrupt medical specialty performing than they did in silence.Summary table to show the number of talking to recalled by each participant in instruct A and. assure BThis bar chart shows stipulation A results in red and condition B in green. From this we muckle pick up that two the highest and last(a) numbers of actors line recalled were in condition B. This bar chart understandably demonstrates the dissimilitude amongst condition A and B to vary greatly throughout the sample.This pie chart shows the divagation in the midst of the average gobs to be sort of in theatreificant as in that location is wholly a 5 % difference which office that although most of the numbers of linguistic process recalled did gain from condition a to condition b at that place was not a boast to the full difference when taking into account what their scores actually were and working out the average.I also deduced the range to be 12 for condition A, the lowest/ highest value existence 8 and 20, and 17 for condition B, the lowest/ highest values being 7 and 24. The median, however, for both was the like at 16.5. This means in that respect was a wider spread list of values for condition B because to a greater extent variation in how many haggle people remembered than in condition A. whole the descriptive statistics used in a higher place exclusively describe what has been form.In order to elicit the probability of achieving the scores that we did, an inferential sign audition was used. A sign establish was used as the auditional trope was a perennial measures radiation diagram and the info collected was nominal. When we applied our raw entropy to the sign test analysis a sign value of 4 was achieved. As this exceeds the critical value of 2, for 12 participants, we can raise that the raw data achieved is more than 5% referable to chance factors and less than 95% due to the manipulation of the unaffiliated variable which means our original guess is only partially supported.DiscussionFrom the results obtained in this look into, we can suggest that our one(a) trail experimental speculation of playing classical music during a memory test will increase the number of actors line remembered, is only partially supported, in that only 2/3 (66.67%) of participants recall improve when tried with classical music. This was not plunge to achieve a significant take of probability 0.05, which means that recall was not 95% or more due to the manipulation of the independent variable i.e. whether or not classical music was playing in the telescope. Therefore on this condition we must accept our null hypothesis of thither will be no significant relationship between whether or not music is played in the background and how many row the participants remember as on that point was not a high enough probability to suggest that the variation in number of words recalled was a trail offspring of the manipulation of the independent variable.In our experiment we found that classical music did improve mental process of memory as 2/3 of the participants recall improved. This disagrees with the findings of Cohen whose study suggested that participants who were exposed to background noise were cognitively impaired. Our experiment was like to Cohens in that it tested the effect of environmental stimulants on recall ability. Cohen, however, tested the participants on a lower floor exposure to aircraft noise which is often louder and more distracting than a relaxing hang on of music such as Mozart. Our fi ndings, in that respectfrom, may be more appropriately compared to the findings of Dr. George Lozanov. Lozanov intentional a way to teach external languages to children in a fraction of the learn time.He did this by teaching whilst using certain 60 beats per consequence Baroque music and found that his students had a retention rate of 92% and an the true of 85- 100% after only 30 days. The findings of which reflect our own in that he used classical music, with the typical 60 beat per minute pattern, to improve functioning of memory in the recollection of mental lexicon in foreign languages. However, the percentage of gain in his experiment was 92%, whereas ours was only 66.67% and therefore shows that his experiment was more faultless than our ownHowever, as our participants were unripe larges and not children, as in the above, direct and authentic comparisons may not be fully appropriate. This could be due to wider social influences upon adults in relation to childr en for pillowcase a young adult would understand the instructions smash and therefore might feel under more pressure to perform than a child. This could constitute adverse effects and spring their performance worse or make them try harder than a child would. delinquent to this ignorance on the childs behalf, an experiment involving children is often more indispensable. Also, differences in mathematical function and experimental design may pick up led to the difference in findings.For example Lozanov choose to teach foreign languages to children and it has been proven that children defy a higher mental object than adults for learning language, as they are not as set in oratory their own language as an adult is. The differences found may have connect to this factor and so had an effect upon the data that we achieved. If my experiment had been carried out on children sort of I think I would have gotten more unconditional results due to the above reasons.Other limitations include our choice of mode an experiment is not a natural setting as participants would feel pressurised by the fact that their results were being analysed and might have not been able to concentrate on recalling the words. An improvement could have been a test administered by a normal instructor in a classroom environment, where students would be more used to getting a test and might be more relaxed. This would be unethical, however as it is deceptive. The repeated measures design used meant that the list of words in the second experiment had to be changed because the same participants had seen it in the first experiment and therefore might recall more words after looking at it for a second time.This would have meant the results were faulty therefore another list of words was devised. This could however have caused even more problems because, although care was taken not to use more confusing or monthlong words from one list to another, the experiment was not standardised and th erefore direct comparisons could not be made. A matched pairs design would have allowed comparisons to be made between the lists, but not as accurately between the participants, as every participant will be contrastive.The opportunity found sample that I used meant that there werent an equal number of males and females, therefore it wasnt representative. A better sampling technique would be to use distinguish sampling, in which equal numbers of the same sex can be selected. If the set population was larger, the sample would have been more representative but we needed to use similarly aged participants, as there would have been difference in recall ability between, for example, a four and an 18 year old. Using people from our own class could have interfered with the result because the participants knew who they were doing the experiment for and could be biased to the experimenter. Also, I think that using younger participants would have given a more natural component to the ex periment, as they would not ask too many questions, worry about the results or interfere as much with the experiment by not trying their best.The participants did not seem to be confused by the standardised instructions but they might not have been clear on why they were doing the experiment, which could have had an effect on their performance. The participants were also talked through the experiment as we carried it out and everything was plainly stated to them. A better way of presentation of the words however, might have been to present them on an over head projector, so that time could be controlled better in our experiment, participants were in control of turning over the stable gear of paper with the list on and therefore could have turned it over before the test started. The paper was only one opinion poll thick as rise up so participants might have been able to see the words even when the sheet was face down.To expand the experiment further, there are many different var iables and different views of memory which I could test. The serial fix effect, mentioned in my introduction, would be an interesting aspect of memory to test as I noticed in the lists of words there were a significant number of words from the start and the end of the actual list, include in the words the participants remembered. We could test this by setting a quota at, say, the first flipper and last five words and eyesight what percentage of the recalled words were within one of these quotas. We could have used a arranging of background noise to repeat Cohens experiment or used music with words to test the participants.A rightfully interesting experiment would be to use children against adults in a memory test with the classical music, as I see children would give a more positive result in relation to my hypothesis. I dont believe that there would be a significant difference between males and females, if any, but it would be charge considering. We could have tested differ ent sum ups of words see if there is a difference in capacity of recall between a list of one degree Celsius words and thirty words would the participants be put off by the amount of words and not remember as many for the long list as the short? There are clearly many different experiments relating to memory that could be tested.

A group II metal hydroxide Essay

To hap the identity of X(OH)2 (a group II metallic agent hydroxide) by determining its solubility from a titration with 0.05 mol dm-3 HCLTheory1.Titrations are the reaction amongst an acidulated beginning with an al-Qaeda. In this reaction (called neutralization reaction), the acid donates a proton (H+) to the alkali (base). When the two fifty-fiftyts are combined, the products do are mesa salt and water.For example2HCl(aq) + X(OH)2 (aq) XCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)This shows the ane of the products i.e. salt macrocosm XCl2 and water.So titration whence helps to find the assimilation for a stem of unk todayn niggard clienteless. This involves the bidled addition of a bar resultant of known.Indicators are utilise to determine, at what stage has the solution r severallyed the comparison point(inflextion point). This nub at which, does the compute of moles base added equals the number of moles of acid present. i.e. pH 7Titration of a punishing Acid with a fast Ba seAs shown in the graph, the pH goes up slowly from the start of the tiration to effective the equivalence point. i.e (the beginning of the graph).At the equivalence point moles of acid equal mole of base, and the solution contains still water and salt from the cation of the base and the anion of the acid. i.e. the vertical part of the turn off in the graph. At that point, a little amount of alkali casuses a sudden, wide assortment in pH. i.e. neutralised. alike shown in the graph are methyl group orangeness and phenolpthalein. These two are both index fingers that are often employ for acid-base titrations. They each swap food colouring at unalike pH ranges.For a wet acid to healthy alkali titration, either iodine of those indicators mess be utilize.However for a strong acid/weak alkali plainly methyl orange go forth be apply overdue to pH ever-changing rapidly across the range for methyl orange. That is from low to high pH i.e. inflammation to yellow respecti vely pH (3.3 to 4.4), that non for phenolpthalein.Weak acid/strong alkali, phenolpthalein is utilise, the pH changes rapidly in an alkali range. From high to low pH, that is from pink to neutral pH(10-8.3) respectively but not for methyl orange. However for a weak acid/ weak alkali titrations in that locations no sharp pH change, so neither can work.thusly in this investigation, the titration allow be between a 0.05 mol dm-3 of HCl with X(OH)2, victimization phenolphthalein.Dependant inconsistentIs the multitude of HCl to achieve a colour change that is from pink to colourless.The Controlled variables 1. the similar generator of HCl2. said(prenominal) concentration of HCl3. Same discoverset of X(OH)24. Same volume of X(OH)25. Same equipment, method, inhabit temperatureControlled VariablesHow to controlHow to monitor1. Same cum of HClUsing the alike visual modality of HCl or from the same brand exit control this.If the concentration was not to be same end-to-end, then this will author antithetical ratios of the components of the solution, that qualification wee-wee different volume of HCl to be obtained for the neutralization to occur.2. Same concentration of HClThis will be controlled by using the same chew of HCl and from the same semen i.e. the same brand.By using the same batch visualizes that the reactant concentration is the same. If another batch were to be used causes the concentration to differ. This causes the HCl obtained to be different.3.Same source of X(OH)2Using the same batch of X(OH)2 or from the same brand will control this.If the concentration was not to be same through egress, then this will cause different ratios of the components of the solution that might cause different volume of HCl to be obtained for the neutralization to occur.4. Same volume of X(OH)2This will be controlled by using the same batch of X(OH)2 and from the same source i.e. the same brand.By using the same batch watchs that the reactant concen tration is the same. If another batch were to be used causes the concentration to differ. This causes the HCl obtained to be different.5. Same equipment, method, live temperatureThe method would be kept the same and the same set of equipment and brand will need to be used throughout. The style temperature will be kept throughout at 180C by using a water privy.If different equipment or brands were used then in that respect would be a lot of anomalies in the experiment do a huge amount of inaccuracy of step particularly.ResultsRaw data results were collected by using 25.00 cm3 of X(OH)2 with phenolphthalein and the volume of HCl was obtained by the solution going from pink to colourless.The volume of HCl tack together in 50.0cm3 buret 0.05 cm3Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3Trial 4Average19.60019.80019.60019.70019.675 soft results that occurred during the experiment* Conical flask swirling not even between the trials* Difficult to calculate colourless solution change internal end poin t* Ability to sum of money 25cm3* Filling of burette accurately with HCl 0 point in right fuck* Residual distilled water or solutions repose in conical flask i.e. diluted/interfered with subsequent solutions of X(OH)2Average = trials (1+2+3+4)/4 so (19.6 + 19.8 + 19.6 + 19.7)/4= 98.5/4= 19.675imputable to the equation being2HCl(aq) + X(OH)2 (aq) XCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)Therefore the ratio is 21 of 2 HCl 1 X(OH)2So using the equations mentioned aboveMoles of acid is the number of moles= concentration X volumei.e. the volume will be used from the averageTherefore=0.05mol/dm3 x 19.675 cm3=19.6 cm3 / ampere-second0 = 0.0196 dm3=0.05mol/dm3x0.0196 dm3= 0.00098 molesSo Moles of alkali in 25.000 cm3Moles of HCl / 25.000 cm3due to the ratio being 21, therefore0.00098/2= 0.00049 moles of HClSo now the ratio is 11 so 0.00049 moles of X(OH)2Moles of alkali in one C cm3It is fictional that there are four a good deal of 25 cm3= 4 x 0.00049= 0.00196 molesThe conterminous series of results will be used to calculate solubility of each confused by their mass in hundred cm3The total Mr has been mensural in the table below for each compound.This was done by Mr of X + ((O + H) X 2). individually elementMr for the following elements(OH)2Total MrBe9.010(16.00 +1.01) X 2 = 34.02043.030Mg24.310(16.00 +1.01) X 2 = 34.02058.330Ca40.080(16.00 +1.01) X 2 = 34.02074. one CSr87.620(16.00 +1.01) X 2 = 34.020121.640Ba137.340(16.00 +1.01) X 2 = 34.020171.360To obtain the solubilitys of metal II hydroxides is moles X Mr of the compoundTherefore this table shows the calculation for the solubilitys for each of the different compoundsEach elementTotal MrMoles of X(OH)2Solubiltity given as g/ coulomb cm3Literature mensurate of the compounds given as g/100 cm3Be(OH)243.030.001960.08430.000Mg(OH)258.330.001960.1140.001Ca(OH)274.100.001960.01450.170Sr(OH)2121.640.001960.02380.770Ba(OH)2171.360.001960.3353.700UncertaintiesThe uncertainty in measurement scruple due to pipette of 25.000 cm3 Volume of X(OH)2 = 0.100 cm3 luck uncertainty = (0.1/25) X 100= 0.400% uncertainness due to Burrette of 50.000 cm3Assumed due to metric volume of 19.675 cm3 and the uncertainty due to the smallest unit of measurement being 0.1 cm3Therefore0.1/2= 0.050 cm3Percentage uncertainty = (0.05 /19.675) X 100= 0.254%Therefore total uncertainty =0.400% + 0.254% = 0.654% inference and EvaluationX(OH)2 is most likely to be Ca(OH)2 as the work out solubility is encompassing(prenominal) to the publications nurse given of Ca(OH)2. The solubility for Ca(OH)2 0.145 g/100 cm3 and the books value is 0.170 g/100 cm3. This shows that the inconsistency is unless 0.025 cm3. However the comparison between Be(OH)2 of the calculated solubility is 0.0843 g/100 cm3 and of its books value 0.000 g/100 cm3 . Shows that there is a greater residual. present that it cannot be X(OH)2 solution.This is also shown for Mg(OH)2 as the loss between the calculated solubility and the literature value is 0.113 g/100 cm3, present that it still has a greater difference than Calcium hydroxide does. The difference between Sr(OH)2 and its literature value is 0.532g/100 cm3. However the difference between the calculated solubility of Barium hydroxide and the literature value is 3.365 g/100 cm3 wake there is a great difference so it cannot be Barium hydroxide.The dowry shift of Ca(OH)2 = (0.170 0.145)/0.170 X 100= (0.025/0.170) X 100= 14.705%Throughout the experiment there were systematic delusions and random erroneousnesss that were met.Uncertainties/limitationsError character reference of fallacyQuantity of error description for errorImprovementsMeasurement in burette imperious error+/- 0.05cm3Equipment limitation, this is because the line where each of the reading might not be precise.Different manufacturer should be used with multiple trials in guild to change magnitude the accuracy of the calculated value to the literature value.Measurement in pipetteSystematic error+/-0.1cm3Equip ment limitation, this is because due to the pipette only holding 25 cm3 of volume. The line could hasten been where the actual reading might not be Causing the result to not be precise.Different manufacturer should be used with multiple trials in order to increase the accuracy of the calculated value to the literature value.Point of colour changeRandom error non quantitativeHuman observation subjective measurement. This is because even though a white roofing cover is used, it is unclear as to what point has the solution gone colourless.Use alternative indicator for several different trials, use pH meter to assess neutralization point. Therefore there will be a more(prenominal) precise point as to when the solution becomes green.Temperature fluctuationsRandom errorNot quantifiableThere can be a change of measurements of equipment due to division in expansion and contraction of materials. Due to the temperatures not being constant from the fan, windows or from the air conditione r.Controlled lab environment of the temperature by using a water bath at 180C with no air conditioner, fans working. To ensure no fluctuations occur.Fluctuations in humidity of roomRandom errorNot quantifiableChange solution concentrations due to differences in evaporation rate in the meet air.Controlled lab environmentCalibration error in buretteSystematic errorNot quantifiable0 line wrongly markedDivisions on burette awayUse different manufacturers equipment for other trialsCalibration error in pipetteSystematic errorNot quantifiable25cm3 line incorrectly marked. Because it is unclear as to where the true meniscus lies. Causing the values measured out to be not precise. Also due to there being only one line causes a further reducing in the precision of the results.Use different manufacturers equipment for other trials to ensure that the accuracy increases.Another improvement that will be done, if the experiment were to be retell is that due to the inaccuracy of the conical fl ask being swirled. If the conical flask is being swirled unequally there is a chance of inaccurate results of when the colourless solution occurs. Therefore a stirring rod should be used to increase the accuracy of the swirls of the reaction in the conical flask.Another limitation that produce in this experiment that would be meliorate if the experiment were to be done once more is that after the neutralization reaction had occurred, there would still be some rest of the distilled water used to rinse out the equipment. This can be improved by increase the number of repeats of rinse. This would ensure that more of the diluted solution would have been removed. Also the trials can also increase, to 10 repeats so that there is more variance so that the accuracy increases.Another improvement might be, to use different indicator, for example methyl orange. Due to the colour change would be from red to yellow would make it easier for the pH 7 to be more comfortably recognized against a white tile then it was with phenolphthalein.Cited Sources1. http//www.vigoschools.org/mmc3/c1%20lecture/Chemistry%201-2/Lecture%20Notes/ unit%205%20-%20Acids%20and%20Titration/L3%20-%20Acid-Base%20Reactions%20and%20Titration.pdf